The discovery of thermotropic liquid crystal

In 1888 the Austria botanist Friedrich Reinitzer found in heating benzene acid crystal: when the temperature rose to 145.5 degrees C crystal melt into the milky white viscous liquid. Further heated to 178.5 DEG C white viscous liquid becomes completely transparent liquid. After the Karlsruhe University Professor Lu love Otto Lehmann research, the white viscous liquid with optical anisotropy, therefore is called liquid crystal (Liquid Crgstal).

Synthesis and classification of liquid crystal

In twentieth Century twenty, the University of Heidelberg in Germany, Ludwig Gattermann Halle Daniel Vorlander university has synthesized 300 kinds of LCD, and points out that the liquid crystal molecules are rod like molecules. On this basis, France's George Friedel and F.Grand-jean on structure and optical properties of liquid crystal is investigated in detail, and in 1922 completed the LC classification work, will be divided into: liquid crystal smectic phase, nematic and cholesteric phase.

Study on the physical properties of liquid crystal

In 1917, Manguin invented the friction orientation method, used to make single domain crystal and optical anisotropy. E.Bose was established in 1909 to save animals (Swarm) theory, and supported by L.S.Ormstein and F.Zernike et al's experiment (1918), after de Gennes discusses the statistical fluctuation. G.W.Oseen and H.Zocher1933 founded the continuum theory, and get the perfect F.C.Frank (1958). M.Born (1916) and K.Lichtennecker (1926) and studies the dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystal. In 1932, W.Kast based on the nematic phase is divided into positive and negative two categories. In 1927, V.Freedericksz and V.Zolinao found that the nematic liquid crystal in the electric (or magnetic) under the effect of deformation and the existence of threshold voltage (Freederichsz). This provides the basis for the production of liquid crystal display.

Study on the application of liquid crystal in a liquid crystal display direction

In 1968 USA RCA R.Williams found that the nematic liquid crystal formation of stripe domains in the electric field, and the light scattering phenomena. G.H.Heilmeir immediately to develop it into a dynamic scattering display mode, and made the world's first liquid crystal display (LCD).

In 1968 USA Heilmeir et al proposed guest host effect (GH) model.

In 1969 Xerox proposed Ch-N phase change storage mode.

In 1971 M.F.Schiekel proposed the electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) model, T.L.Fergason et al proposed a twisted nematic (Twisted Nematic:TN) model proposed by N.Clark in 1980, ferroelectric liquid crystal mode (FLC), from 1983 to 1985, T.Scheffer and others have proposed super twisted nematic (Super Twisred Nematic:STN) model.

In 1986 Nagata proposed to use the double box (DSTN) to realize black white display technology; then useful biaxially stretched polymer film to realize black white display technology (FSTN).

And after 1996, and the single polarizer reflective TN (RTN) and STN (RSTN) model of reflection.

The formation, development and distribution of liquid crystal display industry

Since 1968, Heilmeir produced the first DSM-LCD began in the United States and Japan began the production and application of LCD. In early 70, the United States Rockwell company began production of the DSM-LCD computer. Optel company is the production of DSM-LCD watch. Japanese companies such as Epson Sharp, this kind of product and process maturity is very perfect. But the application of DSM-LCD current, voltage, power consumption is more, soon replaced by TN-LCD.

In 1972, S.Kobayashi et al. TN-LCD, and rapid industrialization, has been widely used in calculators, watches, test equipment and car show, was a huge success. And promote the development of LCD to high capacity, large areas of color.

The direction of a large capacity, a large area of the TN display mode and semiconductor with the active matrix (Active Matrix) method. The approach was first put forward by P.Brody in 1972. After 10 years of research, to the late 80's, Japan has begun mass production represented by TFT AM-LCD. At present, it is the preferred screen laptop computer.

Another direction is the use of STN model for large capacity. Although the STN model was proposed in 1983, but due to process large degree of similarity with the TN technology, the small scale of investment, and in the late 80's early 90's have begun production, coupled with the development of FSTN technology, STN-LCD has become the leading high-grade, medium and small size display.

The color scheme of the first A.G.Fischer in 1972, G R color mixing method, B filter is applied to the liquid crystal box set. In 1981 T.Uchida et al developed it into the box, and gradually mature. It is combined with AM or STN, to become the leading today color display.

Since 1995, ECB color scheme also can be found in the report. It uses the voltage controlled display color, simple process, but the color co.. Generally only 3 ~ 4 color.

At present, the reflective display mode (RTN, RSTN) is the direction to develop the products of many factories. Japan Sharp, Epson company has the production of such products, mainly used in mobile phone screen.

Global industrial layout, the Japanese TFT production accounted for the global 80-90% market share, Taiwan and South Korea production part of the small and medium size screen. TN, STN production in Hongkong, more than 90% China mainland, Taiwan and Southeast asia.